a bit+v., adj., adv.，a bit of + n.；a little + n., adj.相当于a little bit
a few前加副词，说明程度，如：
quite a few, only a few
few和little都表示否定，several至少三个，修饰可数名词。
a bit在否定句中，起加强语气的作用，相当于not at all一点也不。
The hospital is a bit far from here.医院离这儿有点远。
The hospital isn’t a bit far from here.医院离这儿一点也不远。
a little在否定句中，表示“不是一点点”“很”。
He was not a little hungry.他很饿。
He was not a bit hungry.他一点也不饿。
一、当somebody为泛指时，形容词不可能着重表扬或批评不定式行为者，而是表扬或批评不定式行为。
It is not polite for a man to keep his hat on in the house.
It is foolish for people to believe in God.
这两句中的for都不能用of代替，因为a man和people都是泛指，强调的应该是to keep his hat on in the house这一行为是不礼貌的，to believe in God是愚蠢的。因此这两个句子不能改成：
❌A man is not polite to keep his hat on in the house.
和
❌People are foolish to believe in God.
二、当不定式为被动语态时，不定式行为者常省略，因此形容词只能表扬或批评不定式行为。如：
It was unkind for you to be laughed at.
It was wise for him to be selected.
at the corner=on the corner表示某物的外部，在拐角的地方
There is a policeman at every street corner.在每个街道拐角外部都有一个警察。
in the corner在某物的一个角落里，在角落
There is a dog in the corner of the room.房间角落里有一只狗。
by the end of到……结束的时候，到……底为止，与完成时连用。
How many English songs had you leaned by the end of last term?到上学期为止，你已经学历多少英语歌曲？
to the end直到最后
A true friend is faithful to the end.真正的朋友是永远守信的。
at the end of在……终点，在……尽头
go on doing something=go on with something继续做（原来的）事，也可有停顿，强调原来。
go on to do something继续做（另一件）事，有停顿，强调另一件。
on the left/right在左/右边
to the left/right向左/右边
on one’s left/right在某人的左/右边（紧挨着）
to one’s left/right不一定紧挨着
the child who sat on my left坐在我左手边的孩子（紧挨着的）
the child who sat to my left（可离开一段距离，不一定紧挨）
do something by oneself自己独立完成，没有别人的帮助
do something oneself亲自做，而不是让别人做
My younger brother finished his homework by himself yesterday.昨天我弟弟独立完成了作业（没有帮助）。
I saw him do it himself.我看见他亲自做了这事（不是别人）。
leave one by oneself把某人单独留下
leave one to oneself对某人不加干涉，纵容
His parents left him to himself.
think about: about是介词，代词和名词放在后面
think over: over是副词，代词放在中间，名词可放中间或后面
explain something to somebody不可说explain someboday something。
add……to把……加到……里
He added the wood to the fire.
add to + n.表示“增加”
This adds to our difficulties.
I believe this trip will add greatly to our understanding of your country.
add up to+表示数量的词表示“总计”
The money he spent added up to more than 1,000 yuan.
ask for①要求得到某物②请求见到（某人），联系
Last time Mum asked for some quilts in a shop.
Here is a comrade asking for the headmaster.
ask somebody（宾格）for something=ask something of somebody
They asked him for his address.
ask somebody to do something要求某人做某事
ask请求的是无形的东西，要求对方告诉，重在“问”，如ask the way问路。
ask for主要要求有形的东西，也可是无形的，要求对方给予，如ask for a job求职
all over表示1.“到处”“遍及”“浑身”2.全部结束
We look for you all over yesterday.
He has travelled all over the world.
The meeting was all over when I got there.
be good at擅长，善于
be good for对……有好处，反义词be bad for
be good to (somebody)对（某人）友善
war/warn/quarter
1. 怀念：He misses us very much.
2. 错过（be too late for, not to take）： He missed the last bus last night.
take the side of=be on the side of=take one’s side选边站队
He’ll take the side of us.=He’ll take our side.他会站我们这边。
hear from=get a letter from收到某人来信
write to somebody=write a letter to somebody给某人写信
都表示“最近”“不久前”，常与现在完成时连用。
after一般用在过去的“……以后”。如果后面跟一个时刻，也可用于将来时。
in一般用在将来“……以后”，也可表示“……以内”，后面跟表示一段时间的时间。
如果现在是10点钟，“他会在12点后回来”可表达为：
He will be back in two hours.
He will be back after twelve o’clock.
out在某些词组中含有loudly（大声地）的含义，如call out, cry out等
He called out for help.他大声求救。
neither或neither of表示“哪一个都不”，谓语动词用单数。
Neither knife is yours.
Neither of them is right.
neither……nor谓语动词的单复数取决于nor后面的主语。
Neither he nor I am right.
Why not +动词原形表示建议或责备。
Why not have a break?
Why tell him about this?
a pair of修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。
There is a pair of shoes under the bed.
That pair of glasses is Peter’s.
pairs of修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
be made of直接能看出的“用……制成”：The desk is made of wood.
be made from不能直观看出的：This kind of paper is made from wood.
be made in在……（地点）制造：This truck is made in Changchun.
happen, take place只用作不及物动词，没有被动态。
Extremely bad changes have taken place in China since 2017.
not通常用于否定谓语。谓语动词是be时，not位于be后，谓语动词是实义动词时，位于实义动词前。否定状语时前移，否定原因状语时，not也可前移，否定表语/宾语时，not前移。
laugh意为笑，发笑，不仅有面部表情，而且还有身体动作和声音，即可表示为“欢笑”，也可是“嘲笑”“冷笑”“取笑”。
smile意为微笑，通常指善意的微笑，表示亲切、愉快、得意等神态。
下列动词常用作系动词：appear, become, continue, fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, lie, look, prove, remain, run, seem, smell, sound, stand, stay, taste, turn等。
下列动词常用于主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语（SVOC)结构中：appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, fancy, feel, find, imagine, judge, keep, label, make, name, nominate, prove, select, suppose, think, vote等。
vt.: lay——laid——laid, laying vi.: lie——lay——lain, lying
vt.: raise——raised——raised, raising vi.: rise——rose——risen, rising
vt.: shine——shined——shined, shining vi.: shine——shone——shone, shining
turn多指外形、颜色、气味等方面的变化；become多指身份、境况的变化。
这两个词都表示“相当”，fairly常修饰积极含义的词而rather常修饰消极。当rather表示积极时，与very接近，强于fairly。
pence用在数词后面时无复数形式，因为其本身就是penny的复数形式。penny的复数形式也可是pennies。
基数词或阿拉伯数字末尾+ish，或十位数+s表示大约，如tenish, 50ish, tens, forties。
常见的集体名词有：
army, audience, band, board, cattle, clan, class, club, committee, crew, crowd, family, firm, flock, gang, government, group, herd, jury, majority, minority, orchestra, party, police, public, staff, swarm, team, troop等。其中cattle和police常用作复数。
You are welcome to visit our country.欢迎你们来我国参观访问。
We welcome the friends to our home.欢迎朋友们到我家作客。
“欢迎某人做某事”的动词搭配一般是be welcome to do something或welcome somebody to+n.，而不是welcome somebody to do something。
表示“对……惊讶”，其后一般用that引导从句。
Do you wonder that nobody believes the news?
其引导的宾语从句一般是肯定句，而if均可。
I don’t care whether it rains.
（fail与the students是主动关系）为了将来考试及格，学生们正努力学习功课。
回答How many……？时用None；回答Who ……？则用No one.
—-How many students are there in the playground? —-None.
—-Who is in the next room? —-No one. (或Nobody.）
此外，两者虽皆可作句子的主语和宾语，但no one作主语更常见，none有时还可用作介词宾语：
A friend to all is a friend to none.友多无好友。
They made their way out of the forest.
A. made a path B. got C. built a road D. found a way
lie to somebody about something关于某事向某人撒谎
Jason or his brother is not going to take part in this maths contest.杰森和他弟弟不打算参加这次数学竞赛。
注意谓语动词的数按or后面的主语决定。
Jason and Joe are not roommates this term.杰森和乔本学期不在同室。
Happily for him (Lincoln), his father’s second wife was kind to him too.
any和由any合成的词如anybody/anyone/anything等词不能在否定句中作主语。但如果any/anybody/anyone/anything后面跟有较长的定语，尤其是定语从句时，也可用于否定句中作主语。
Anybody who breaks the law shan’t escape punishment.任何犯法的人都逃脱不了惩处。
I wish to go home right away, may I?
The risen sun looks smaller than the rising sun.
habit不能用不定式作定语。
feeling为不可数名词时，意为“知觉”；为可数名词时，意为“感情”“感觉”“情绪”。
He had lost all feeling in his legs. （知觉）
a feeling of hunger （感觉）
表示连续不断地敲
beat a drum
beat at the door
A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
You should not praise him too much.
你不该过分表扬他。
You can’t praise him too much.
你怎么表扬他也不为过。
I didn’t go because I was ill.
因为生病我没去。
I didn’t go because I liked to.
我并不是因为想去才去的。
此句相当于I went not because I liked to (go).
last（持续、延续）、walk（步行）、cost（花费）、take（需要）等是一类特殊的不及物动词，后面所接的表示距离、价值和时间的状语，前面介词for省略。其中last/cost/take可带一个间接宾语，之所以被称为不及物动词是因为它们不能带直接宾语。
Our food can last us (for) three months.
This dictionary cost (for) five yuan.
He was good and angry.
他非常生气。
good and和nice and可用于形容词或副词前作为强调的修饰语，含义与very相近。nice and多限用于表达“很”令人感到愉快。故此处宜用good and。fine无此种用法。
hundreds of前不能用one，two等基数词修饰，但可以用some，several之类表示不确定数目的词作为修饰语，因为hundreds of也是不确定、“数以百计的”。例句：
1.Several hundred enemy soldiers are coming.
2. Several hundreds of students are standing on the playground.
We are all part of one big family.
part of something是“某物的一部分”，这个“部分”可大可小，可能超过一半，也可能不到一半，或仅占一份。但part必须用单数，不可加-s。part前也可加a, a part of something是“某物的一小部分”，只占“一半以下”，但part都不可加-s。
increase和increase by后面所接的是净增加的数，而increase to后面所接的是增加到某个数。
It has increased 20% in price.价格上涨了20%。
The number increased by over 17,000.数字增加了17000以上。
The company has increased the capital stock from ￡100,000 to ￡200,000.这家公司已把资本从十万英镑增加到二十万英镑。
He felt lonely when he was alone.
当他独自一人的时候，他感到孤单。
是某人自己的意思被理解/听见
由数词修饰时，dozen单复数均不加-s，并在名词前省略of。由不定代词some, many, several等修饰时，复数要加-s，而且名词前of通常不省略。dozens of表示“几十，许多”。
